The Legal System of Bangladesh has many stages. As
it was ruled by many foreign rulers from different countries and their cultures
were also different from each other which effected the legal system deeply.
Besides, religious believe has a importance in legal system and administration
of our country.
1-The Court of the
King:
The
King’s court was the apex of all courts. [1]
Though the king was the one to bring justice, he was helped by others.[2]
2-The Court of Chief
Justice’s : In chief justice’s
court there is a board of judges to help
the chief justice but there was a condition that they must belong from the
three upper castes specially
Brahmins.[3]
3- Special Tribunal : Often
tribunal with fix jurisdiction by the members of the chief justice’s board was formed.
4- Town or District Court:
In
town and district there were courts under the king’s authority run by the
government officials.
5-
Council of Village: For maintaining the
administration in village , village council was formed.[4]
These are the major courts during ancient Hindu
period.
Stages of Suit : There were four stages
in a suit or trial. They are as follows
:
§ The
Plaint
§ The
reply
§ The
trial and investigation
§ The
verdict or decision of the court
Bench of more than one
Judges : In order to administrate justice there
were bench of two or more judges.
Appointment of Judges and their
Qualifications : Following qualities were mandatory to
become judge:[5]
Ø Belong
to upper castes specially Brahmins
Ø Highly
educated in law
Ø Cannot
be a woman
Ø Cannot
be a Sudra
Ø Impartial
in nature during giving judgment
Theory of Case law:
The lower courts were bound to follow the judgments of King’s court and higher
court while giving judgment.
Evidence : Both
the parties could provide evidence in three ways to prove themselves.[6]
v Documents
v Witnesses
v Possession
of incriminating objects
There was another source of
evidence in criminal cases which is called circumstantial evidence.[7]
Trial by Ordeal : Ordeal is a type of
custom which helped to find out the truth. [8] It
was applied when there was no evidence available to both parties.[9]
Trial by ordeal is of various kinds such as ordeal by
·
Fire: The accused had
to sit, stand or walk through the fire, if the accused was not hurt then he was
considered to be innocent otherwise guilty.
·
Water: The
accused was asked to stand in deep water ,he had to sit in the water too for a limited time if he
remained safe he was declared innocent.
·
Poison:
If the accused survived after having poison without vomiting, he was proved to
be innocent.
·
Rice-grains:
If the accused spit out blood after chewing unhusked rice then he was held to
be guilty.[10]
·
Lot : If
the accused choose Dharma he was took to be innocent but if he choose the other
jar he was to be punished as guilty.[11]
There were four ways of giving punishment-[12]
Ø By polite admonition
Ø By
sever reproof
Ø By
fine
·
By capital punishment.
The crimes for which capital
punishments were given are follows:[13]
·
For
conspiracy against the king
·
For helping the King’s enemy
·
For entering into the King’s harem forcibly
·
For creating insurgency in the army
·
For killing one’s parents
·
For committing serious arson
The ways of giving capital
punishment are given below-[14]
·
Roasting live
·
Cutting into pieces
·
Impalement
·
Routing by elephant
·
Age:
Elderly people up eighty and boys under sixteen were given half of the original
punishment. A child under five was not punished for any crime.
·
Condition of Health:
Ill women and persons were to give half of the sanction.
·
Caste :
Punishment also reduced and increased according to the caste for instance,
if a killer kill a Kshatriya he had to
pay 1000 cows but the number of cows decreased for killing the people of lower
caste Punishment of some crimes depended
on the caste of the offender and the victim such as-
·
Murder
·
Adultery
·
Abuse or contempt
·
Rape
Some people were also freed from punishment as they belonged to
particular classes.[2]
Hindu judicial system was defected for many reasons.
The reasons are as follows:
Discrimination:
There were discrimination in almost all the sectors of judicial system of
ancient Hindu period such as-
§ Appointment
of judges
§ Giving
punishment
§ Deciding
compensation
Failure to bring justice
to women and Sudra: As women could not take part in
judicial system, they could not share their problem freely. Same with the people of Sudra caste.
Superstation:
Trial by ordeal bring the prove of existence of superstation in judicial
system.
Inequality in the eyes of
law: Law was not equal for all. For instance, there was
no punishment for a Brahmins if he disrespect the people of lower class but if
people of lower caste disrespect the people of upper class he had to undergo
punishment. Furthermore, there was different punishment for same crime For
instance when a Brahmin was killed by a person of lower caste the murderer had
to embrace death whereas if a Brahmin did the same with the lower class people
he could easily escape death by giving
fine.[3]
The Muslim period was divided into two parts-
1. The
Sultanate
2. The
Mughal
TheCourt of the King:
The Sultan was the head of this court and he was assisted by two muftis. Of all
courts it was the supreme with both appellate jurisdiction.[4]
Diwan-e-Mazalim:
It was the apex court of criminal appeal.[5]
Diwan-e-Risalat:
It was the highest court of civil appeal.[6]
Diwan-e-Siyat:
The cases of rebels and high treason were decided in this courts.[7]
Chief Justice:
He was also known as Qazi-ul-Quzat who was the actual head of judiciary having
the jurisdiction of trying all type of cases.[8]
Sadre Jahan:
He was the temporary head of the judiciary and superior to Qazi-ul-Quzat
Mufti:
He worked as legal expert being selected by Chief Justice and appointed by the
Sultan.
Pandit: He worked as a legal expert for the cases of
nonMuslim.[9]
Mohtasib: He worked as prosecution for violating
cannon law.[10]
Dadbak::
His work was to make sure the presence of the people summoned by the court.[11]
There were courts in
Province,Districts, Parganah and village level to administer proper justice.
Adalat Nazim Subah: Nazim
represented the Suitan in Province and during applying appellate jurisdiction
Qazi-e-Subah constituting a Bench sat with him. From his judgment an appeal lay
before the Central Court.[12]
Adalat Qazi-e-Subah:
The head of the court was selected by the Qazi-ul-Quzat and appointed by the
Sultan.The court had supervisory power over the district Qazis.[13]
Diwan e Subha:
The court had all types of jurisdiction in all revenue matters.[14]
Sadre-e-Subha:
The court dealt with religious matters such as grant of stipend ,lands etc.[15]
The Court of District Qazi:
The presiding Qazi was appointed by Sadre Jahan on recommendation of the Qazi-e-Subah. This
court also heard appeals from the judgment of the Parganah Qazis, Kotwals and village panchayats .[16]
The Court of Faujder:
This court try small criminal cases being concerned of security and suspected
criminals.[17]
Mir Adils Court:
Land revenue matters were dealt by this court.[18]
Kotwals Court:
This court was constituted to try police and municipality cases.[19]
Courts of Parganah: The
Qazi of this court had all type of jurisdiction like a District Qazi except
hearing appeal.[20]
Courts of Village:
With a view to looking after the executive and judicial functions a panchayat
was formed which tried small civil and criminal cases of its locality.[21]
The Court of the Emperor:
The emperor presided over the court and there were following members to help
him.[22]
·
Daroga-e-Adalat
·
Mufti
·
Mir Adil
The Chief Justice’s
Court: The court was run by the Chief Justice . He was
helped by two junior Quazis. It had also jurisdiction as to supervise the
provincial courts and also could hear appeal from it.[23]
Chief Court for Revenue:
People appeal for deciding revenue cases as it was the highest‘decide this
matter.[24]
Qazi-e-Aksar:
This court was constituted to decide military matters.[25]
Qazi of Delhi:
He was the temporary head at the absence of the Chief Justice.[26]
Amalguzari Kachari:
The Amalguzari of this court decided revenue cases appeal from this court were
submitted to Court of Diwan.[27]
Amin-e-Parganah:
Amin looked after all types of revenue cases and appeal from this court reach
to District Amalguzar.[28]
Mahakuma-e-Adalat:
It was a separate department of justice to ensure proper administration
everywhere.[29]
v Both
had faith in sovereignty of Allah.[30]
v The
head of the administrations were regarded as trustee and servant.[31]
v The
base of both administrations was Quran.[32]
v The
head of the administration was known as Sultan during Sultanat,[33]
whereas he was called Emperor by the Mughal.[34]
v Sultan
was helped by two Muftis,[35]
while Emperor was helped by Daroga-e-Adalat, Mufti and Mir Adil.[36]
v The
temporary or defacto head was known as Sadre Jahan,[37]
whereas court of Qazi of Delhi worked at the absence of Qazi-ul-Quzat.[38]
v The
theory of Mahakuma-e-Adalat and Qazi-e-Askar were not available during Sultanat
but they existed during Mughal.
Fixed Penalties or Hadid:
This punishment was given for following crimes which cannot be reduced or
changed and it was prescribed by the religious law.[39]
·
Thief
·
Robbery
·
Apostasy or ijtidad
·
Drunkennness
·
Whoredom or zinah
Discretionary Punishment
or Tazir: It was applied for the crimes against
God which implied prohibition.[40]
Offence for which tazir was given were as follows-
Ø Gambling
Ø Causing
injury
Ø Minor
theft
Judges got the freedom to invent new methods of giving punishments to
the criminal as they had the right to choose the way of punishment such as-[41]
§ cutting
out the tongue
·
impalement
Retaliation or Qisas:
This punishment was given for crime against human body.[42]
This punishment was given for
§ intentional
killing
§ grave
wounding or
§ maiming
Its principles were
§ life
for life
§ limb
for limb
Blood money or Diya:
When the relatives of the victim were compensate satisfactorily with blood money, it
became diya. It was a type of Qisas.[43]
Criminal law:
The law was not certain and not informed rather it was conflicting in Hidaya
and Fatwa-e-Alamgiri which created difficulties for Qazis.[44]
There was no separation between public law and private law.[45]
Moreover, crimes against men were not regarded as crimes against society.[46]
Defects in punishments: Due
to the punishment of Diya many murderer remained unpunished.[47] A
minor did not get justice until he attain the legal age .[48]The
law of tazir led to corruption and injustice as it gave too much power to the
judges. Some inhuman punishments are as follows-[49]
·
To make the culprit unable to adopt any means
of livelihood
·
To
cut of hand and foot
·
To stop bleeding boiling butter was used
Discrimination in
evidence law: Evidence of two women was equal to one
man. Similarly the evidence of two Hindus was given the same importance of one
Muslim. Four eyewitness were must to prove the accusation of rape.
Circumstantial evidence was not allowed. The evidence of an infidel was
enough to give capital punishment.[50]
v Both
the judiciary system are deeply affected by religious belief, though the base
of Hindu judiciary system was not their holy religious book.
v Hindu
judiciary system was superstitious and full of discrimination in giving
punishments whereas, Muslim judiciary system was more superstitious and full of
discrimination in evidence matter.
v In
Muslim judiciary system there was a pandit to bring justice to the non-Muslims
but in Hindu judiciary system there was no judicial officers for the people of
other religion.
v Caste
does not matter in Muslim judiciary system but it played a vital role in almost
all the sector of Hindu judiciary system.
This period was divided into five sub-periods[51]
which are described below.
Beginning of the British
Administration: By this time the British started to
involve themselves with the administration system of India.[52]
Taking over factories and
Getting Settled: In order to get settle in India
possession of three factories were taken by the East Indian Company.[53]
They did so in
·
Calcutta
·
Madras
·
Bombay
Creation of Presidency
Towns and Mufassil: Calcutta, Madras and Bombay got
the name of Presidency Towns.[54]
The areas around those towns were named Mufassil.[55]
The Mufassil areas were-[56]
·
Orissa
·
Bihar
·
Bengal
Modification of the
Administration System: The administration system of the
towns was modified differently.[57]
Moreover, Adalat system was improved in Mufassil areas.[58]
The establishment of first Mayor’s Court in Madras also happened in this
period.[59]
Distribution of Power:
The Company took over the power of military and Diwan and the control of
criminal and civil justice was given to the natives till eighteen century.[60]
·
Starting of the intervention through the
British Crown in the administration of justice in India.[61]
·
The Charter of 1726 was the first
gateway of the introduction of English law in India.[62]
·
It had set a corporation for every
presidency towns.[63]
·
It had brought several changes in
administration system.[64]
The Mayor’s Court:
This court run by Mayor and nine aldermen.[65]
It was considered as the court of record having the power of punishing persons[66]
and of trying and hearing civil suits of Presidency town and factories under
it.[67]
There was Mayor’s court in every Presidency town.[68]
The Court of Governor-in-Council:
People
could appeal here if they did not like the decision of the Mayor’s court.[69]
Privy Council:
It set up a bridge between England and India which used to listen appeal from the Governor-in-Council.[70]
Criminal Justice to Bring
Peace: In every Presidency town there was criminal justice
abiding in the Governor consisted of five senior members of the Company’s
Council.. The power of these justices were-[71]
·
arresting persons
·
accusing those who committed crimes
·
punishing those who committed minor crimes
·
committing the rest to be tried by the
Quarter Session
Quarter Session Court:
In order to punish and try each and every criminal offence quarter session was
hold four times in a year by three justices of the peace.[72]
There were grand jury and petty jury to assist them.[73]
The Court of
Governor-in-Council: The court consisted of five senior
members with appellate and original jurisdiction in fixed criminal matters such
as murder and high treason.[74]
The Court of Request:
The court was established to solving cases cheaply, summarily and quickly for
those who could not go to the Mayor’s court due to poverty.[75]
Its range was up to five pagodas.[76]
Mayer’s Court: By
bringing changes in the appointment system of the Mayor and aldermen the court
became subordinate to the Government of the Company. Only when both the native
parties were involved in suits then it was submitted for the decision of the
courts otherwise they were excluded from the jurisdiction of this court.[77] Its
range was limited to five pagodas.[78]
The Court of Governor-in-Council:
It had got the appellate jurisdiction in civil suits added with its old
authority.[79]
·
It was formed in Madras, Bombay and
Calcutta.[80]
·
Though three Request Courts were
subordinate to the Supreme Court, they
were replaced by small Causes Courts in 1850.[81]
·
The qualification of the Chief Justice
and junior judges of Supreme Courtwere they must be English skilled barrister.[82]
·
The powers of Supreme Court were-
Supervisory Power:
The court had supervisory jurisdiction on the following courts-[83]
·
Collector’s Court
·
Quarter Session Court
·
Court of Request
·
Justice of Peace
Jurisdiction of Issuing
Writs: It could issue various writs to administer justice.[84]
Original and Appellate
Jurisdiction: It had jurisdiction to solve cases as
acourt of first instance and also hearing appeal in following matters-[85]
·
Criminal
·
Civil
·
Admiral
·
Ecclesiastical
It could also give permission or
deny to submit an appeal to the King-in-Council in criminal cases.[86]
Personal Jurisdiction of
the Supreme Court: Though the jurisdiction of the
court was limited to Presidency Town, it had personal jurisdiction over person
of three types. They were as follows-[87]
·
British subjects
·
Employees of the Company
The Act of
Settlement1781: Based on the report of a Select
Committee the Act of Settlement, 1781 was passed which minimized the power of
Supreme Court to accept the opinion of the Council.[88]
There were changes in the power of Supreme Court. They are as follows-
§ The
court was devoid of its power in revenue matters and Company’s Court.[89]
§ Its
position as a court of record and as a highest court was undermined.[90]
§ It
lost its position to control the executive.[91]
§ Its
jurisdiction of interpretation of constructive inhabitancy was available.[92]
§ It
could practice its power on people of outside the Presidency Towns.[93]
Conflicts between
Mufassil courts and Supreme Court: There were a few
conflicts between two sets of court. The conflicts were-[94]
§ regarding
jurisdiction over the same people
§ regarding
passing decrees
§ regarding
execution proceedings as it needs to file a suit in supreme Court to execute
its decree in Presidency Towns.
Solution of Problems
between the Courts: Some steps were taken to solve
these problems. They are as follows-[95]
·
Uniting the two courts by establishing Law
commission in 1853.
·
Amalgamating Sadar Adalats and the
Supreme Court by appointing the second Law Commission.
·
Preparing codes of procedure to be
applied in all courts.
·
Dismissing the company and reigning the
Indian Government by the British Crown in 1858.
·
Enacting Civil Procedure Code, Criminal
Procedure Code, Penal Code.
Establishment of three
High Courts: Abolishing the Supreme Courts, Sadar
Courts, Diwani Adalat and Sadar Nizamat Adalat the Mufassil areas and Company’s
courts were merged by establishing three High Courts in Presidency Towns. The Supreme
Court was represented by the original side of the High Court and Sadar Diwani
Adaiat, Sadar Nizamat Adalat were represented by the appellate part of the High
Court.[96]
Original Jurisdiction:
The High Court applied its original jurisdiction as a court of first instance
in both criminal and civil matters only in Presidency Towns but it could not
try the civil suits of Small Causes Courts.[97]
Appellate Jurisdiction:
By exercising appellate jurisdiction, The High Court Division hear appeals from
criminal and civil courts.[98]
Supervisory Jurisdiction:
Over all the criminal and civil court subordinate to the High Court were
supervised by the High Court.[99]
Revenue Jurisdiction: The
High Court had also revenue jurisdiction. If the sum was not less than Rs 10000
Privy Council heard an appeal from the decision of High Court but it was
certified by the High Court that the case was fit for appeal or not.[100]
The Courts under the
Civil Courts Act are given below-[101]
·
The District Judge’s Court
·
The Additional Judge’s Court
·
The Subordinate Judge’s Court
·
The Munsif Courts
The Criminal Courts under
Criminal Procedure Act 1898 were as follows-[102]
·
Session Courts
·
Presidency Magistrates
·
First Class Magistrates
·
Second Class Magistrates
·
Third Class Magistrates
The small Causes Court
Act 1887: Through this Act the Small Causes
Courts of both Presidency Towns and Mufassil were retained.[103]
The Federal Court under
Indian Act 1935: Through
this Act the structure of the Indian Government was changed into federal type.
So accordingly a Federal Court was found in October1, 1937.[104]
The qualification of the judges of the court were-[105]
·
The
Chief Justice and two junior judges must had experience either as a judge of
the High court for five years or as an advocate of High Court for ten years.
·
Got
appointed by His Majesty the judges hold their position till 65.
The jurisdiction of
Federal Court : The
jurisdiction of Federal Court were-
·
Exclusive Jurisdiction: Through this jurisdiction the court could
decide cases between the units and the center.[106]
·
Advisory Jurisdiction: It was limited to those cases which the
Governor General referred to it for advise.[107]
·
Appellate Jurisdiction: It could cognized those cases of High Court
under this jurisdiction which were certified by the High Court itself.[108]
Judicial Plan of Warren Hastings: Through the plan of
1772 the areas of Bengal,Bihar,Orissa were divided into number of districts and
they were regarded as unit.[109]
Sadar Diwani Adalat was the apex court for appeal at the capital which hear
appeal from Mufassil Diwani Adalat where an English collector as a judge hear
appeal of the cases up to Rs. 500. The chief court for criminal appeal was Indian
judge appointed and Sadar Nizamat Adalat Presided over by Daroga-i-Adalat who
is an advised by the Nawab and the Governor. Mufassil Faujdari Adalat presided
by a collector and try all appeal criminal cases lay to the Sadar Nizamat
Adalat.[110]
Through the plan of 1774 total area of Mufassils were divided into six
divisions[111]
a new court named Provincial Sadar Adalat presided over by 4 or 5 Company’s
servants to look after revenue collection, to hear appeal, to decide cases and
its jurisdiction was limited to civil matters.[112]
The separation of revenue from the administration of justice was occurred by
confined the Provincial Council only to revenue matters and its pecuniary
jurisdiction was up to Rs. 1000 through the plan of 1780.[113]
Judicial Plan of Lord Cornwallis: Increase the number of
Mufassil Diwani Adalat from 6 to 18. Compilation of Civil Code as a guidance
for he Sadar Diwani and Mufassil Diwani. Four Courts of Circuits in four
divisions were replaced by Provincial Court of Appeal in 1790.[114]
It could try cases of both criminal and civil send to them by the Sadar Diwani
Adalat or the Government and civil suits referred to it by the Mufassil Diwani
Adalat.[115]
The power of collectors known as magisterial power was given to the Mufassil
Diwani Adalat. The Register court gave the final decision if the value was up
to Rs 25 amd if the value was more than Rs. 25 the case was hand over to the
Provincial Court of appeal. It could hear appeal of the cases up to Rs. 200. In
order to save people from the difficulties of attending the Diwani Adalat and
to bring justice nearer to the people Mufassil Court was found within 10 miles
distance from defendant house. Local commissioner had jurisdiction to hear
cases up to Rs. 50. The court ran by-landlords,tehsilder,farmer.[116]
Lord Hastings:
During the time of Lord Hastings the jurisdiction of the Register Court, the
Sadar Amin’s Court.and the Mufassil Court was raised as follows-[117]
Rs.500
From Rs.100 to 150
From Rs.50 to Rs.64
Sadar Amin also had criminal jurisdiction in1821.[118]
Lord Bentick:
Abolishing Provincial Court of Appeal by providing unlimited jurisdiction to
the District Diwani Adalat. Revoking the judicial power of the Registers.
Creating new court named Provincial Sadar Amin which had jurisdiction to try
cases up to Rs. 1000-5000.[119]
Abolishing Circuit Courts and replacing them by appointing Commissioner of
Revenue and Circuit. They had supervisory power over the –[120]
Magistrates
Police
Collectors
Other executive revenue officers
It was also under the supervision and control of the
Sadar Nizamat Adalat. Permitting the Commissioners to give power to the Sadar
Diwani Adalat to conduct sessions. District and Session courts were born with a
view to reducing pressure of sessions on the Commissioners. The jurisdiction of
Sadar Amin and Munsiff were increased to Rs.1000 and Rs.300.[121]
There
were several changes in deciding punishments. The changes were-
·
Punishments were no more a right of God.[122]
·
Punishments were given on the bases of
its proportion.[123]
·
Concern of the officials about the
impact of punishments
·
The public was made aware of the rules
of Company and the nature of punishments
·
The officials find out what types of
crimes were increasing and also decided punishments to reduce them.
·
There were punishments for every crime
so that the victim could be benifited.
·
For less crime the punishment was less
and for serious crime the punishment was serious.[124]
The Charter of 1726: Domination
of the executive on the criminal justice by the Governor-in-council[125].
Influence of executive on the Mayor’s Court. Lack of proficient judges, clash
between the judiciary and the executive. [126]The
jurisdiction of the Mayor court was not mentioned.[127]
The Charter of 1753:
The judiciary was servant of the Company.[128]
The Governor-in-Council were ignorant of the systems of the English criminal
law. Expensive and difficult appeal system in the Kings-in-Council. Indians could not participate in the
administration of justice. Governor and Council had too much political force.[129]
The Supreme Court:
Having conflicts between the functioning of executive and judiciary as well as
Supreme Court and Company’s Court.[130]
Over superiority there were conflicts between the Supreme Court and the
Council.[131]
There were conflicts between the Supreme Court and the Adalat in Mufassil.[132]
Defective provisions of the Charter of 1774.[133]
According to the definition of Hart in order to have
a legal system in any country there must have five factors. They are as
follows-[134]
§ Rules
in order to make people bound to follow certain conduct and abstain from
certain conduct which refers to criminal law.[135]
§ Rules
in order to compensate the injured people and what to do to make a will or
contract which determines civil law.[136]
§ System
of sanction through court if the rules are broken which refers to civil and
criminal courts.[137]
§ A body for making rules or change them accordingly which refers to legislative body or parliament.
According to my analysis all the five factors were
available in the legal system of the three period described above.
Hindu Period:
Among the three period I do not like the judiciary system of hindu period at
all because it was full of discrimination.It was unable to bring justice. There
was no difference between civil law and criminal law. There was no judicial
officer from the people of other religion and women.
Muslim Period:
The judicial system of Muslim period was developed than the Hindu Period but
the evidence system was full of fault and discrimination. Some punishments of
crimes were illogical and cruel and the right of the women and their
participation in judiciary system was not mentioned. It was based on religious
belief than logic.
British Period: I
like the judicial system of British period for many reasons. They are as follows-
·
The development of the Adalat system
·
The jurisdiction of the courts were
mentioned clearly
·
The punishment system was developed and
logical
This is why the British judicial
system had great impact on the Bangladeshi judicial system. At the same time judicial
officers should work hard to overcome the weaknesses.
[1]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page45
[2] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page45
[3] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page46
[4] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[5] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[6] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[7] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[8]
Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[9]
Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page48
[10]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page48
[11]
Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page48
[12] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page48
[13] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page48
[14] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[15] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[16] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[17] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[18] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[19]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[20] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[21] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page49
[22] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[23] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[24] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[25]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[26] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[27] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page52
[28] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]pag
[29] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[30] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page46
[31] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page46
[32] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page46
[33] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page46
[34] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[35]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[36] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page50
[37] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page47
[38] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page51
[39] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page53
[40] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page53
[41] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page53
[42] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page53
[43] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page54
[44] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page54
[45] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page54
[46] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page54
[47] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page55
[48] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page55
[49] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[50] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page55
[51] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[52] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[53] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[54]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[55] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[56] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[57]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[58] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[59]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page56
[60] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[61] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[62] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[63] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[64] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[65] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[66]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[67] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page58
[68] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page57
[69] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page58
[70] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page58
[71] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page58
[72] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page58
[73] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page59
[74] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page59
[75] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page60
[76] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page61
[77] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page60
[78] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page61
[79] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page61
[80] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[81] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[82] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[83] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[84] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[85] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[86]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page63
[87] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page62
[88] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page6
[89] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page64
[90] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page64
[91]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page65
[92]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page65
[93] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page65
[94] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page65
[95] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page65
[96] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page66
[97] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page66
[98] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page66
[99] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page66
[100]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page66
[101] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page67
[102]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page67
[103] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page67
[104] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page68
[105]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page69
[106] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page69
[107] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page70
[108] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page70
[109] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page72
[110]
Md. Abdul Halim , [first published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page72
[111]
Md. Abdul Halim , [first published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page72
[112] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page73
[113]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page73
[114] Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page74
[115]Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page75
[116] Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page75
[117] Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page76
[118] Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page76
[119] Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page76
[120] Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page77
[121]Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page77
[122] Dr.- Shahdeen-Malik-1,Pdf
searched from google, page64
[123] Dr.- Shahdeen-Malik-1,Pdf
searched from google, page64
[123] Dr.- Shahdeen-Malik-1,Pdf
searched from google, page64
[124] Dr.- Shahdeen-Malik-1,Pdf
searched from google, page64
[125] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page59
[126] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page59
[127] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page60
[128]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page61
[129] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page61
[130] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page63
[131] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page63
[132] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page64
[133]Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page64
[134] Md. Abdul Halim , [first published
2004,Beacon,30th edn]page35
[135] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page35
[136] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page35
[137] Md. Abdul Halim , [first
published 2004,Beacon,30th edn]page36
১ দিন ৪ ঘন্টা ২৫ মিনিট আগে
১৩ দিন ২১ ঘন্টা ১৯ মিনিট আগে
১৩ দিন ২৩ ঘন্টা ৩ মিনিট আগে
১৭ দিন ৯ ঘন্টা ৩৮ মিনিট আগে
১৮ দিন ১৬ ঘন্টা ৫১ মিনিট আগে
১৯ দিন ১৮ ঘন্টা ৩ মিনিট আগে
২৪ দিন ১৩ ঘন্টা ৫৮ মিনিট আগে
২৬ দিন ১০ ঘন্টা ১৩ মিনিট আগে